What is the primary chemical component of macromolecules
carbon
What is the universal solvent
water
A compound made of many smaller molecules linked end to end
polymeric compound
Objects that take up space and have mass
matter
The smallest particle of an element that retains its distinctive chemical properties (building blocks of matter)
atoms
an atom cannot be cut without losing its _____
chemical properties
Atoms are linked together to form ____
molecules
Molecules are held together by _____
chemical bonds
What makes up the atomic number
number of protons in nucleus
What makes up the atomic weight
protons and neutrons
An atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons is called what
isotope
What is it called when the nucleus disintegrates by radioactive decay
unstable
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
covalent bond
A chemical bond that is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
ionic bond
This type of bond shares 2 electrons and there is free rotation
single bond
This type of bond shares 4 electrons, is shorter and stronger, and is less flexible
double bond
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
nonpolar covalent bond
An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
ion
Are ionic bonds weaker or stronger than covalent bonds
weaker
electrostatic attraction
attraction between positive and negative charges
When a positively charged region of one molecule comes close to a negatively charged region of a second molecule, the electrical attraction between them can establish a weak bond called ______
hydrogen bond
Substances that dissolve readily in water are termed
hydrophilic
Which substances are hydrophilic
ionic, polar
Substances that contain a preponderance of nonpolar bonds are usually insoluble in water and are termed
hydrophobic
What are important hydrophobic cell constituents
hydrocarbons
These substance are nonpolar, do not form hydrogen bonds, and are generally insoluble in water
hydrocarbons
Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water are termed
acids
Acids are proton _____
donors
Bases are proton _____
acceptors
Molecule that accepts a proton when dissolved in water
base
Which elements make up 96% of an organism's weight
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Sets of molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are called _____
isomers
Mirror-image pairs of isomers are called
optical isomers
Two monosaccharides can be linked by a covalent glycosidic bond to form a disaccharide. This reaction belongs to a general category of reactions termed:
condensation reaction
The most unique function of fatty acids is the formation of the _____ _______, which is the basis for all cell membranes
lipid bilayer
A membrane lipid consisting of a glycerol molecule esteried to two fatty acid chains and a sugar molecule.
glycolipid
Which monomer building block is necessary to assemble selectively permeable boundaries around and inside cells
Fatty acids
The most unique function of fatty acids in cells is the formation of
lipid bilayer
Varied class of molecules with one defining property: they all possess a carboxylic acid group and an amino group, both linked to the same alpha-carbon
amino acids
The covalent linkage between two adjacent amino acids in a protein chain is called a ______
peptide bond
Peptide bonds are formed by what kind of reaction
condensation
What is the name of the amino group at one end of the polypeptide chain
n-terminus
What is the name of the carboxyl group at one end of the polypeptide chain
c-terminus
A nucleoside sporting one or more phosphate groups attached to its sugar is called a ______
nucleotide
Nucleotides can act as what
short term carriers of energy
The most fundamental role of nucleotides in the cell is what
storage and retrieval of biological information
Bases of RNA
A, G, C, U
Bases of DNA
A, G, C, T
Cells contain four major families of small organic molecules, which act as monomers for larger molecules, What are the four:
sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
Two monosaccharides can be linked by a covalent glycosidic bond to form a disaccharide, This reaction belongs to a general category of reactions termed:
condensation reactions
What is the most abundant organic molecule on earth
cellulose
In aqueous solutions, molecules having both polar and nonpolar regions form aggregates called ____
micelles
Name the five amino acids that have a charge
lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid
Which nucleotide bases are pyrimdines
U, C, T
Which nucleotide bases are purines
A, G
Nucleotides are joined together by what kind of bonds
phosphodiester
The three phosphates in ATP are linked in series by two ______ bonds
phosphoanhydride
A polymer chain is not assembled at random from , instead monomers are added in a particular order called a ____
sequence
Types of noncovalent bonds
electrostatic, hydrogen, van der Waals, hydrophobic
Form of electrical attraction caused by fluctuating electric charges that arise whenever two atoms come within a very short distance of each other
van der Waals attration
A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water.
hydrophobic interaction