46
Diploid Number for Humans (meiosis I)
23
Haploid Number for Humans (meiosis II)
Chromosomes that are similar but not identical, they carry the same gene pattern
Homologous Chromosomes
the process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells)
Meiosis
Chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus.
Mitosis
The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
Crossing Over
break down fats, nutrients, carbs, and other molecules in an organism
Purpose of an Enzyme
#NAME?
Macromolecules
Sugar, starch, and glycogen are what type of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Amino acids (the monomers) make up what type of macromolecules (polymers)?
Proteins
Nucleic acids are made up of what type of monomers?
Nucleotides
What 3 Molecules are classified as nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
The protective layer of the cell that shields it from the outside environment.
Plasma Membrane
membrane channel and pocket within this cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane enclosed vesicles containing digestive enzymes made in the RER
Lysosomes
particles of the cytoplasm that aid in the production of proteins
Ribosomes
Membrane bound organelles, present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, that are the sites of energy production
Mitochondria
cellular organelles composed of a series of flattened sacs. They sort, modify and package proteins in the ER
Golgi Bodies
Where in the cell is DNA?
The Nucleus
Any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Autosomes
XX
Woman
XY
Man
phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis
Interphase
the phase where the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
Metaphase
the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, also chromatin condenses
Prophase
the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Anaphase
final stage of mitosis and meiosis, Chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, a nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows. The chromosomes assemble in sets at the two poles.
Telophase
the part of a chromosome attached to spindle fiber that links sister chromatids or a dyad
Centromere
two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome
Sister Chromatids
division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a dormant state
Phase G0
The number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops
Hayflick Limit
A progressive genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly
Progeria
during cell division the daughter cells are genetically identical to one another.
Meiosis II
The fundamental unit of heredity and the basic structural and functional unit of genetics
Gene
One of the possible alternative forms of a gene, usually distinguished from other alleles by its phenotypic like effects
Allele
The random distribution of alleles into gametes during meiosis
Independent Assortment
Expressed in F1, (or heterozygous condition).
Dominant Trait
Having identical alleles for one or more genes.
Homozygous
Expression of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents, when two genes blend
Incomplete Dominance
A recessive trait is the trait unexpressed in the F1 but re-expressed in the F2 generation in some cases.
Recessive Trait
Carrying two different alleles for one or more genes.
Heterozygous
Full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition, not blending but both genes existing
Codominance
A gene that constitutes the genetic structure of an organism.
Genotype
The position occupied by a gene on a chromosome
Locus
A gene that affects an observable property of an organism (hair color, eye color, skin tone, body build, etc.,)
Phenotype
The separation of members of a gene pair from each other during gamete formation.
Segregation
Genes that have more than two alleles.
Multiple Alleles
the rule that states that every parent has two alleles for every gene, but only one is passed on
Law of Segregation
What happens in prophase
nucleus disappears
What happens in metaphase
chromosomes line up
What happens in Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart
What happens in Telophase
Cell starts to combine
What happens in Interphase
the cell grows