The term "immunity" was first used in 1775 by _________, a Dutch physician, as "immunitas" to describe the effects induced by an early attempt at variolization.
Van Sweiten
Plagues & pandemics, esp. bubonic plague
Causes of disease unknown until 19th C.
Thought to be caused by ______ = virus
poisons
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, an _______
orthopoxvirus,
Smallpox is the earliest disease found to induce life long immunity. _______is the form of vaccination.
Variolation
The __________, 165-180 C.E., also known as the Plague of Galen, was an ancient pandemic, either of smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the near east.
Antonine Plague
Latin term equally descriptive of the disease, ____, meaning pimple.
varus
The English word smallpox was coined in the
sixteenth century, to distinguish between this
disease and ______, which then became generally
known as "the great pox,
syphillis
_____ was 'the first urban virus', and the disease itself is presumably contracted by inhaling the
virus.
small pox
_________ used cowpox-infected material obtained from the hand of Sarah Nemes, a milkmaid
Edward Jenner
Robert Koch & Louis Pasteur jointly proposed the
_______ of disease in the 1880s.
'germ theory'
Koch developed ________ a process
by which harmful microbes in perishable food products
are destroyed by heat, without destroying the food.
pasteurization,
Developed Anti-toxin and Hemalysis
Name the scientist.
Paul Ehrlich
Found that many of the
unpleasant symptoms of allergy
are caused by histamine which
produces inflammation.
Daniel Bovet
Micro-organisms can invade other organisms and
cause disease.
Germ Theory of Disease
This student of Koch, discovered anti-toxin for Diphtheria and Tetanus.
Emil Adolf von Behring
side chain theory of antibody formation: "surface receptors bound by lock &
key; Ag stimulated receptors"
Name the scientist
Paul Ehrlich
discovered that complement was
involved in lysis of red cells and
was fixed by antibody in immune
reactions.
Jules Bordet
He developed drugs which blocked the action of histamine (antihistamines).
Daniel Bovet
the genetic principle for generation of
antibody diversity".
Tonegawa
Does innate immunity produce protective immunity?
No
These are small antimicrobial peptides that are produced by leukocytes and epithelial cells, and that have an important role in innate immunity.
Defensins
This has antimicrobial activity (bacteriocide, fungicide) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses.
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin acts, mostly ____, on a wide range of human and animal viruses.
in vitro
____ inhibits HIV infection
SLPI
This is used as a form of primitive immunity to
protect the genome from invasion by exogenous
nucleic acids introduced by mobile genetic
elements, such as viruses and transposons.
RNAi
What enzyme initiates the RNAi Pathway?
Dicer
What is the catalytic component of the RISC complex called?
Argonaute
What does small RNAs function in?
gene silencing
Small RNAs contribute to post-transcriptional gene silencing by affecting mRNA ______or translation
stability
Small RNAs contribute to post-transcriptional gene silencing by affecting mRNA stability or _______
translation
Small RNAs contribute to transcriptional gene silencing through _______ to chromatin
epigenetic modifications
Small RNAs contribute to transcriptional gene silencing through epigenetic modifications to _____
chromatin
Dicer" processes long dsRNA into short _____
siRNA
RNAi: innate antiviral mechanism
second wave of siRNA generated by
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
______: more siRNA available to RISC
RdRPs
Strategies of viruses against RNAi
Inhibition of antiviral ____ response is an important
requirement for propagation of these viruses
siRNA
Dicer of mammalian cells is capable of generating siRNA through cleavage of _____
dsRNAs
Do mammalian viruses produce Suppressor of RNA silencing (SRS)?
YES
How does the skin protect against infection?
by barriers-pH and chemical
Embroylogist that found phagocytosis. Birth of cellular immunology.
Elie Metchnikoff
Nobel Prize for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
Peter Medawar
Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
Edelman and Porter
Developed Radioimmuneassay Technique.
Rosalyn Yalow
Name one scientist that discovered genes that regulate immune responses (Ir gene), now known ad the major histocompatibility antigens
George Snell
**Idiotype network. "the specificity in
development and control of the immune system" and the
discovery of "the principle for production of monoclonal
antibodies.
Niels Jerne
Scientist responsible for cloning of the Immunoglobulin gene
Susumu Togegawa
Nobel Prize for discoveries concerning "the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defense".
Peter Doherty
These two scientists won a nobel prize for their work in anaphylaxis.
Paul Portier & Charles Richet
Who was the first president of The American Association of Immunologists.
Michael Hidelberger
Leukocytes only escape _____ and not ______.
veins, arteries
Found phagocytosis.
Elie Metchnikoff