large molecules
macromolecules
repeating subunits used to build substances
monomers
large molecules consisting of many repeating subunits of monomers
polymers
To disassemble a polymer the water is added and the molecule separates.
hydrolysis
subunits are joined together by ________
a molecule of water is removed to join them
condensation synthesis
sugars
many are polymers
carbohydrates
C1 H2 O1 or some multiple thereof C6 H12 O6
monosaccharides
consist of two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage
disaccharides
Starch in plants
glycogen in animals- more structurally branched
storage polysaccharide
Cellulose- major plant cell wall component
structural polysaccharide
fat =
lipid
non-polar macromolecules; not water soluble
lipids
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
building blocks of protein
amino acid
How many amino acids are there?
20
How many amino acids are essential to life?
9
many amino acids joined together
polypeptides
function of an amino acid depends on...
chemical structure
unique 3D shape
What makes each amino acids unique?
R" box
How do you connect amino acids?
condensation synthesis
What forms to hold the amino acids together at the first level?
peptide bond
What protein structure level forms the unique sequence of amino acids?
Primary
What happens in the secondary protein structure level?
coiling /folding as a result of hydrogen bonding
What are the two forms of protein folding?
Alpha helix and Beta pleated
The tertiary level forms what?
3D shapes from the bonding of R groups
association of 2 or more polypeptides
Quaternary structure
What folds polypeptides?
chaperonin
What is denaturation
the protein structure is destroyed
What causes denaturation?
heat
pH
chemicals
Salt concentrations
proteins used to speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes / Catalyst
What do nucleic acids do?
store and carry information
carries all codes for life; double stranded
DNA
What synthesizes proteins?
RNA
What makes up a nucleic acid?
Nitrogenous Base
5 Carbon sugar
Phosphate group
What is a nitrogenous base?
AT GC
What macromolecule could be made from H, C, NH2,COOH, R
amino acid
CH
lipid
CHO
carbohydrate
CHON
amino acid
CHONP
nucleic acid