Acid Balanced
balanced in the range of 4.5 to 5.5
Acid Mantle
the protective barrier to the outermost layer of skin
Acids
release a hydrogen ion and is positively charged. 0-7 on pH scale
Active Ingredients
ingredients responsible for production the desired effect
Aerosol
product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant inside
Alkaline
release of hydroxide ions that are negatively charged. 7-14 on pH scale, aka base
Alpha Hydroxy Acid
AHA- glycolic, lactic
Alpha Lipoic Acid
ALA claimed to help aging cells increase energy production
Amino Acids
biochemical compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen that join to form proteins
Antibacterial
destroy bacteria that can cause undesirable effects on the skin (ex. benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, co Q10)
Antioxidants
ingredients used in certain types of treatment products to prevent inflammation and damage due to free radicals (ex. vitamin A and E derivatives, ginko biloba)
Atomic Number
indicates how many protons are in a single atom of the element
Atom
the smallest complete unit of an element
Beta Hydroxy Acid
when the carboxyl group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain (ex: salicylic acid)
Biochemistry
branch of science that deals with the chemicals related to life processes and their reactions within the body
Botanicals
natural or naturally derived ingredients extracted from plants.provide various anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-irritant, antioxidant or conditioning effects (ex .green tea extract, willow bark extract)
Carbohydrates
biochemical compound that helps the body store energy and play a key role in metabolism (consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Chelating Agents
ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative (ex disodium EDTA)
Chemical Bond
the forces that hold atoms together in compounds
Chemical Change
change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance
Chemist
scientist who studies matter, it's properties and changes
Chemistry
scientific study of matter, the physical & chemical changes affecting matter and energy changes
Co-enzyme Q-10
antioxidant that occurs naturally in human cells
Coloring Agents
vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes added to products to enhance the product's appearance ie.add color (ex. foundation, blush, lipstick)
Comedogenic
likely to block or clog pores and contribute to pimples (common ones: heavy emulsifiers, color, waxes and oils)
Comedogenicity
tendency to clog
Compound
formed by the union of two different elements; unique chemical and physical characteristics - more than 4 million
Cosmetics
Anything that is intended for use on the skin to cleanse, beautify, alter the appearance or promote attractiveness
Covalent Bond
bond in which two atoms are held together by sharing electrons
Cremes and Lotions
most common product types, emulsions to impart emolliency and moisturization to the skin
Cyclomethicone
non comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel
Dimethicone copolyol
makes products feel soft, especially sunscreens
Dimethicone
Gives products lubricity, "slip
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur
elements involved with the formation of skin
Elements
basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction (PURE) (ex. hydrogen and oxygen)
Emollients
oils and oil-soluble substances used to condition and soften the skin. usually found in concentrations between 2% and 10% in products (ex. waxes, silicone oils, vegetable oils)
Emulsion
a mixture of 2 or more non-mixable substances, united by a binder, such as oil and water. Forced together.
Energy
ability to do work to accomplish change
Enzyme
ingredients designed to dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin
Enzymes
materials that dissolve and break down larger molecules into smaller ones
Fatty Acids
commonly used in cosmetic products such as cremes and lotions to keep them firm yet soft, and easy to apply. come from plant and animal sources (ex. caprylic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid)
Fatty Alcohol
fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen, used to increase the thickness of cosmetic products and provide moisture (ex. cetyl alcohol)
Fragrance
essential oils and other compounds used to create a unique scent. not usually listen individually on labels
Free Electron
an electron in the outermost orbit that is easily moved from its orbit
Free Radicals
chemically unstable molecules, caused by environmental pollutants and UV exposure
Gas
matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape
Gel
product that has a thickening agent to increase its viscosity (thickness or density)
Hard Water
contains salts; ex. calcium and magnesium
Humectants
organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin, normally found following water on the product label (ex. organic acids, urea, salts, honey)
Hydroxy Acids
organic acids that speed up natural exfoliation; from natural sources like fruits, sugar, and milk
Hypoallergenic
product is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction
Immiscible
solvents that don't easily mix together
Inorganic Chemistry
matter that was never living and does not contain carbon (ex. rocks)
Ionic Bond
bond that holds positive and negative ions together
Ions
charged atoms involved in the chemical reaction; attract or repel each other based on positive or negative charges
Kinetin
an essential growth factor that prevents premature aging
Lighteners
ingredients used to bleach or lighten areas of hyperpigmentation (ex. hydroquinone or kojic acid)
Lipids
biochemical compound that fills the intercellular spaces in the skin
Liquid
matter with definite weight, and volume but no shape
Logarithmic
each number on the pH scale increases by multiples of 10.
Matter
anything that occupies space
Miscible
solvents that easily mix together
Mixture
formed when 2 or more compounds are blended together physically, rather than chemically, creating a new product but retaining separate chemical characteristics
Molecular Weight
determined by amount of protons and neutrons
Molecule
smallest part of a compound that contains all of the chemical properties. Two or more of the same atoms joined by one or more chemical bonds
Monomers
basic building block molecules
Neutron
no electrical charge "neutrally charged
Non-Comedogenic
less likely to block or clog follicle
Nucleus
the dense core of an atom, made of protons and neutrons
Occlusive Barrier
protective or sealing barrier
Ointment
anhydrous substance, thick and heavy texture, based on a mixture of oils and waxes, normally the texture of a paste
Organic Chemistry
all matter that is now living or was alive at one time (contains carbon) (ex. animal, tree, people)
Oxidation
chemical reaction in which a substance loses an electron, and oxygen is acquired
Peptide Bond
a bond uniting two amino acids
Periodic Law
unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities
pH
Potential of Hydrogen- unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline
Physical Change
change in matter, physical form is changed without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition (ex. water freezing to become ice cubes)
Poly Hydroxy Acids
molecules that contain several carboxyl groups in the same chain
Polymers
groups of monomers that bond together
Powder
finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients
Preservatives
maintain microbiological integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use by the consumer. ie. extends shelf life (citric acid, parabens)
Protein
biochemical compound that helps the body construct and renew itself (skin, hair, muscles, nerves and blood)
Protons
positive electrical charge
Reduction
substance gains an electron, and oxygen is released
Saturation Point
when a solute will no longer dissolve evenly in the solvent (ex. salt in water)
Silicones
ingredients derived from a silcone base
Soft Water
contains very few minerals
Solid
matter with definite weight, volume and shape
Solute
solid part of a solution
Solution
a mixture of 2 or more chemicals evenly distributed to form a complete and homogeneous dispersion (blended physically)
Solvent
liquid part of a solution
Sublimation
the process of a solid or gas changing states without being a liquid
Sunscreens
considered a drug product by FDA. used to block or absorb UV radiation emitted by sun (ex. zinc oxide)
Surfactants
have the ability to bind organic and inorganic matter to water (ex detergents, shampoo, facial cleansers)
Suspension
solid particles of pigments finely and evenly dispersed in a liquid base, with thickeners added to prevent settling (ex. liquid foundation)
Thickeners/Viscosity Modifier
ingredients that increase density in emulsions and gel-type products (ex. paraffin, beeswax, inorganic compounds)
Vitamins
skin renewal agents include antioxidants that can heal tissue and strengthen the skin, among other benefits.
solids, liquids, gases
three distinct forms of matter
Amount of naturally occurring elements
92
protons, neutrons, electrons
three particles of an atom
Electron
negative electrical charge
Hydrogen
has one electron and is the simplest atomic structure
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
three major biochemical compound groups in the body
0-14
range on pH scale
pure distilled water
has a pH of 7, indicating an even balance between the concentration of hydrogen(+) and hydroxide(-) ions
water
universal solvent. capable of dissolving more substances than other other solvent. the only substances not soluble in water are organic substances
pH adjuster
acid, buffer or base used to adjust the product pH to a desired level (ex. citric acid, malic acid, hydroxide)
Stable Atoms
types of atoms that have evenly paired electrons in their outermost orbit shell
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Metabolism synthesis of hormones (eggs, fish, milk, whole grain cereal)
Vitamin A - Beta-Carotene
Antioxidant - protects skin from free radical damage - stored in the body
Vitamin A - Retinol
Increases skin elasticity, maintains good vision, builds bone
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Helps heal wounds, boosts immune system, increases collagen
Vitamin D
Strengthens bones, helps prevent fractures
Vitamin E
Antioxident - fights heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes. Heals, hydrates, protects cells.
Vitamin K
Helps blood to clot. Anti-inflammatory.
Calcium
Builds and strengthens teeth and bones; affects muscle and nerve function.
Potassium
Electrolyte that stabilizes cells of the heart and nervous system. Regulates water and chemical balance; builds muscle.
Oxygen
most abundant element in the Earth's crust