who were the penisulares
they were Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their mothers countries
who were creoles
were descendants of Europeans born in Latin America who lived there permanently
who were the mestizos
people of Italian and European descent; they wanted to free themselves from the Spanish
what events in Europe weakened the authority of the Spaniards and Portuguese in their Latin American empires
When Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal
who led more than 100,000 slaves in a revolt in the French colony of Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola
Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louvrture
What is the name of the priest who became a hero of Mexican independence
Miguel Hidalgo
How did the French Revolution help inspire the revolution in Mexico
Hidalgo had studied the French revolution; he roused the local Indians and Mestizos to free themselves from the Spanish
Who led conservatives elites to declare Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821
Agustín de Itrubide (creole)
Who led the struggle for independence in Venezuela, then went on to liberate New Granada (Columbia), Ecuador and other countries in South America
José de San Martín: no Simon Bolivar
How were Jose de San Martin and his forces able to surprise the Spaniards in Chile in 1817
He led his forces over the Andes to attacks the Spanish in Chile
What action did the leading nations of Europe (except Britain) favor in Latin America in the early 1820s
Members of the Concert of Europe favored the use of troops to restore Spanish control in Latin America
What was the Monroe Doctrine
Act of president James Monroe guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations warned against any European intervention in the Americas
How did caudillos rule; who supported them
Caudillos ruled chiefly by military force and were usually supported by the land elites
what is the name of the caudillo who ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855
Antonio López e Santa Anna
in what Mexican state did American settlers revolt in 1835
Texas
how did Mexico lose half of its territory to the United States
War between Mexico and the United States soon followed (1846-1848); mexico was defeated and lost almost one-half of its territory to the United States of the Mexican War
What liberal reforms did Benito Juarez bring to Mexico
separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor and an education system for all in Mexico
how was Latin America's economy dominated by Europe and the United States
Latin American countries exported raw materials such as wheat, wool, sugar, coffee and imported finished goods such as textiles
how did the landed elite dominate the citizens of countries in Latin America
Land was the basis of wealth, prestige, and power;The landed elite controlled the government, courts and made enormous profits by growing crops for export
what were the results of the Spanish-American War in 1898
they got cuba, puerto rico, philipines and guatamala
what happened in 1903 that enabled he U.S. to build the Panama Canal
In 1903, the United States supported a rebellion that enabled Panama to separate itself from Colombia and establish a new nation; In return, the United States was granted control of a strip of land 10 miles (16.09) wide running from coast to coast in Panama
About how any families owned almost all of Mexico during the dictatorial reign of Porfirio Diaz from 1877 to 1911
1,000 families
who led landless peasants to seize the estates of wealthy landowners during the Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata