Double V campaign
victory over fascism abroad and over segregation at home
Truman's President's Committee on Civil Rights
after WWII, civils rights returned to the national political stage for the first time since Reconstruction
-this committee created by Truman set out on an ambitious program to end racial inequality, creating a PERMANENT CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISION in the Justic
Governor Strom Thurman
when liberals forced the Democratic National Convention to adopt a strong civil rights plank, outraged southern delegates walked out and nominated this Governor for president on a State's Right ticket
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-conducted voter registration drives and lobbied against discrimination in housing and employment
Thurgood Marshall
...
Morgan v. Virginia
Supreme Court used interstate commerce clause to declare segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional
Congress of Racial Equality
CORE
Jackie Robinson
broke the barrier in major league baseball winning rookie of the year
Jim Crow
the south's racial codes
poll taxes, white primaries, and discriminatory registration prevented blacks from voting in the south
Emmett Till
summer 1955: a 14 year old African American boy (unaccomstumed to local "folkways" when visiting Mississippi from Chicago) spoke in an informal tone to the white wife of a store owner and was kidnapped and killed
Montgomery Bus Boycott
this boycott made Martin Luther King Jr a national figure
Rosa Parks
...
Martin Luther King Jr.
-rose as national figure for civil rights movement following Montgomery bus boycott
-admired Mohandas Gandhi and preached for nonviolent civil disobedience
Brown v. Board of Education
group of cases challenging segregation in public schools, Thurgood Marshall argued that separate facilities denied blacks their full rights as citizens, cited psychological evidence of the self-esteem of black children
*declared "separate but equal facili
de facto segregation
in northern communities, this type of segregation was caused by housing patterns and school districts
Justice Earl Warren
appointed by Eisenhower as Chief Justice
worked to make the Brown case decision unanimous among the court, using political skills to persuade a compromise
Little Rock Nine
group of black students desegregating in an Arkansas high school
- were at first prevented by the Arkansas Nat. Guard but then Eisenhower stepped in
Governor Orval Faubus
this governor of Arkansas decided to make a campaign issue out of the defying court order in Brown v Board
- dispatched the Arkansas Nat Guard to Central High School to prevent 9 black students from entering
Eisenhower's intervention/ use of National Guard
Eisenhower placed the Arkansas Nat Guard under federal command and ordered paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, the 9 students integretated
-justified his actions on the basis of upholding fed authority and enforcing the law
*1st pr
Southern Christian Leadership Council
SCLC
-President=King
- called upon blacks to view nonviolence not as weakness but as strength in the face of danger
Greensboro Sit-ins/ Diane Nash, John Lewis, Marion Barry
4 black freshmen from NC Agricultural and Tech College sat down at a whites-only lunch counter and ordered food, continued for a week, made national news, sent a shockwave thru the south
*new form of DIRECT-ACTION PROTEST
These are members of the original
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC
Ella Baker of SCLC helped students to resist affiliation with any of the national civil rights organizations, but encouraged them to create leadership among students, this Committees emphasis was fighting segregation thru ditect confrontation, mass a
Election of 1960
race issue was central in this election
Kennedy praised sit-in movement, Nixon (eager to gain southern white voters) minimized his identification with the movement
Civil Rights Act 1957
authorized the attorney general to seek court unjunction to protect people denied their right to vote
Freedom Rides (1961)
goal was to test compliance with court orders banning segregation in interstate travel and terminals, designed by director of CORE James Farmer to induce a crisis
-bus left Washington and encountered violence in Anniston, Alabama
Albany Movement, 1961-1962
movement in small Georgia city, here thousands of blacks marched, sat in, and boycotted as part of a city-wide campaign to integrate public facilities and win voting rights, arrival of King and the SCLC transformed the city into a national symbol of strug
James Meredith/University of Mississippi 1962
black student tried to integrate to this University but was blocked at admissions, Robert Kennedy sent fed marshalls to the campus, violence ensued, Gov Ross Barnett encouraged resistance to the oppressive power of the US
JFK's response
Pres Kennedy eventually sent Army troops onto the Ole Miss Campus to protect Jame Meredith (black student) who graduated the following summer
Birmingham, AL
King and SCLC launched a campaign against segregation in this city, the most segregated big city in America
Eugene "Bull" Connor
Public Safety Commissioner and segregationalist
the goal of the Birmingham campaign was to fill the city's jail with its protesters and enrage this man
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
written by King in solitary confinement, in response to the Birmingham clergy, set out the key moral issues at stake, and scoffed at those who claimed the campaign was illegal
Governor George Wallace
Alabama governor,
JFK's response to violence in Birmingham
Kennedy ordered Army troops into this city and prepared to nationalize the Alabama National Guard
JFK's call to Congress for a Civil Rights Bill (1963)
Kennedy began lobbying in Congress for a broad law that would outlaw segregation in public facilities, and urge fed authorities to deny funds to discriminatory programs, Kennedy finally committed his office and political future to the civil rights cause
March on Washington / A. Phillip Randolph
a broad coalition of civil rights groups planned a massive nonviolent March in this city, this man originally proposed the march in 1941 to protest discrimination against blacks in defense industries
Lyndon B Johnson + Civil Rights
LBJ assured the nation upon becoming president that "the idea and ideals which Kennedy so nobly represented must and will be translated into effective action"
-eager to unite the Dem and prove himself a nat leader, he seized on civil rights as a golden po
Civil Rights Act of 1964
passed under Johnson, this landmark law represented the most significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction
-prohibited discrimination in most public places
- banned discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or na
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EEOC
created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to investigate and litigate cases of job discrimination
Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964
ambitious effort to register black voters and directly challenge the rule of segregation
- launched in spring 1964 by SNCC workers
-recruited over 900 volunteers, mostly white college students, to aid in voter registration, teach in "Freedom Schools" and
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party/ Fannie Lou Hamer
black voters signed up to join the MFDP, in 1964 the Party sent delegated to the National Dem Convention looking to challenge credentials of the all-white standard
-Johnson opposed seating the group b/c he wanted to avoid a devisive floor fight
-this woma
Malcolm X
young activists within SNCC frustrate with the limits of nonviolent protest were drawn to the militant rhetoric of this man
- aspired to create a self-reliant, highly disciplined and proud community- a separate "nation" for blacks
- prominent member for t
Election of 1964
LBJ wins reelection by a landslide, 94% of the black population voted for him,
Republican candidate- Barry Goldwater
24th amendment
outlawed the poll tax or any other tax as a condition of voting
Selma, Alabama/ Bloody Sunday
Movement leaders again decided to create a crisis that would arouse national indignation, pressure Congress, and force federal action
-King chose this Alabama city that had a notorious record for preventing black voting
-planned march from this city to Mo
Voting Rights Act 1965
signed by Johnson
-authorized fed supervision of voter registration in states and counties where fewer than half of voting age residnts were registered
-outlawed literacy and other discriminatory tests in voter registration
League of United Latin American Citizens
LULAC
launched by Mexican-American veterans of WWII, emphasized learning English, assimilating into American society, improving education, and voting to gain political power
Mendez v. Westminster
1947 California case
upheld lower court rulings that declared segregation of Mexican American unconstitutional
braceros
cooperative effort between US and Mexican government to bring Mexicans to the US as temporary agricultural and railroad workers
barrios
Hispanic neighborhoods
ex= San Antonio, Los Angeles, El Paso, and Denver
Operation Wetback
trying to curb the flow of undocumented immigrants from Mexico, the Eisenhower administration launched this massive operation, for 3 years the Immigration and Naturalization Service agents rounded up some 3.7 million undocumented migrants and sent them ba
La Raza
new civil rights movement in 60s based on the shared ethnicity and historical experiences of the broader Mexican American community
Jones Act 1917
made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory of the US & granted US citizenship to all Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican great migration
*this took place between 1945-1964; the number of Puerto Ricans living on the mainland jumped from 100,000 to 1 million, ECONOMIC OPPORUTNITY
1952 Immigration & Nationality Act
passed over Truman's veto, barred people deemed "subversive" or homosexual from becoming citizens or even visiting the US
*removed the old ban against Japanese immigration and made Issei (1st gen Japanese Americans) eligible for naturalized citizenship
National Congress of American Indians 1965
by the early 60s a new movement was emerging to defend Indian sovereignty
-the NCAI condemned termination calling for a review of fed policies and a return to self-determination
-challenged the goal of assimilation and create a new awareness among whites
Immigration and Nationality Act
(1965) abolished the national origins quota that had been in place since the 1920s and substituted overall hemisphere limits