Pigment
the mineral or synthetic component that gives paint color
Binder
component that binds the pigments. can be natural or synthetic
Solvent or Vehicle
used to thin down paint or to clean
Ground
first layer of paint on a support that provides a smooth surface and stops absorption
Support
surface onto which a painting is made (wood, canvas paper, wall)
Gesso & rabbit skin glue
used as a grown; the first layer of 'paint' that sizes the canvas and provides a rigid support
Encaustic
Pigments are combined with HOT WAX as a binder; an ancient technique for painting but still used today
Fresco
another ancient technique, pigments are combine with LIME WATER and applied to a fresh LIME PLASTER WALL; chemically bind to plaster wall
Cartoon
the preliminary drawing for transfer to the wall
Pounce
a way to trace cartoons to wall; perforate drawing then 'pounce' charcoal to transfer drawing
Tempera
paint medium made by combining pigment with WATER & A GUMMY MATERIAL- usually EGG YOLK. the effect is a fine, linear effect of color on the surface. Used primarily until the end of the Middle ages
Oil Paint
Pigments are combined with oil as the binder. More versatile a continuous tonal range is possible but dries very slowly. Can be thinned and layered to create a luminous effect of color shining from below surface. can be thinned and layered to create a lum
Watercolor
pigments are suspended in GUM ARABIC (the binder) and combined with water. applied to dampened paper. can be made more transparent than others..maybe.
Gum Arabic (watercolor paintings)
is the substance from an acacia tree. its used in chewing gum, candy, marshmallows, printmaking, photography, and water color paints
Acrylic (synthetic)
pigments are combined with an acrylic polymer emulsion as the binder (synthetic material) Water soluble and fast drying (easier to use) came into commercial use in the 1950's
The Salon de Paris
annual art exhibition in the 19th century established by the Academie des Beaux-arts. Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, and Renoir were refused admission into the exhibition. THE SALON OF THE REFUSED!!
What sets the stage for Impressionism?
Industrial Revolution, Rebuilding Pairis by BARON HAUSSMANN- Built wide open Paris, tube paint is invented-paint outdoors, the invention of photography, impressionists pondered the nature of color and light. they saw it in nature.
Characteristics of photographs that influenced IMPRESSIONISM:
Asymmetrical compositions, silhouette, interest in broad landscape, elevated point of view, interest in scenes and action
Ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock prints)
Woodblock printing from 19th century, discovered as packing material in goods from Japan, Exhibited at the Paris Universal Exposition, subject matter: genre scenes, theater, dance, erotica, courtesans
Stylistic Characteristics of impressionist painting
Transient effects of sunlight and color, shimmering movement of light on objects outdoors, loose and broken brushstrokes, heavy impasto, color often defines shadow, paint, color, and brush eventually dissolve form, essence or impression of an object is "c
Impressionists
Felt free to choose their subject matter, painters went outside to paint, played with effects of natural and artificial lights, committed to the OPTICAL TRUTH-painted what they saw, subject matter: landscapes, architecture, outdoors that provided surface
Camille Pissarro
grandfather of Impressionism
Mary Cassatt (American)
presented unorthodox images of women: images of women with financial autonomy, also in the company of other women, conversing with eachother, interacting, engaged in intellectual activity, in situations that were considered inappropriate for the day.
Claude Monet
travels to London to escape the Franco-Prussian War- he sees JMW Turner, the great British Painter, Monets home is at Giverny, he is a SERIAL PAINTER-paints the same thing over & over.
What makes Impressionism modern?
it liberated color use for painters, liberated brush (rapid, spontaneous strokes), and it allowed painters to expand subject matter.
Van Gogh
wrote over 800 letters in his lifetime, Van Gogh's legacy to modern art: arbitrary color use, distortion of form, inherent expressive quality of composition and form
Pablo Picasso
Born in spain, see Paul Cezanne retrospective. it changes the way he paints. impacts: Einsteins Theory of Relativity published, rumblings of war in Europe.
Picasso's CUBIST LEGACY:
spatial revolution: background and foreground collapse.
A painting can show more than one p.o.v., hierarchy of the picture plane destroyed, the SURFACE is more significant than anything, the painting is what it is painting nothing more, nothing less, ABST
Jackson POLLOCK
born in Cody, WY. moves to NYC and trained with THOMAS HART BENTON at the Art Students League. Learns how to use acrylic paint and other media at Siqueiros Studio. Marries painter Lee Krasner. Moves to NY starts experimenting with pouring paint (action pa
Jungian Psychology
seeks to engage the images that emerge from the unconscious, Jung was interested in dream imagery not in sexual terms, Jungian analysis actively seeks to render images from the imagination.
Formal Qualities of Pollocks Work
all over pattern of the line-formal aspects are more significant (line, rhythm, movement, balance), there is no horizon line or apparent light source, endless movement is part of the composition, color is there but de-emphasized, there is NO focal point (
Pollocks LEGACY:
his art was formalistic, the flatness of the surface is acknowledged and celebrated, he limits his work to lines, movement, the work becomes an environment to the viewer, like PICASSO there is NO HIERARCHY OF FORM, the object of the art is not significant
Conceptual Art
DADA-movement at the beginning of the 20th century. It's based on ideas. the object is not as important as it once was. Art can include actions, thoughts, words, deeds; there doesn't have to be a beautiful art object at the end of an act of art making.
Who are DADA artists looking at?
WWI, Freud's theories of psychoanalysis(theories of the unconscious&dreams), Nationalism & declarations of Independence- ethnic cleansing as a side effect, surrealism(art of dreams&the irrational), to them, all rational thought has led to war(IRRATIONAL t
DADA organized in Zurich in 1916:
they are a multi-art movement-there should be no borders b/w artforms, they were anti-art, loathed art dealers, collectors, galleries, & museums, believed art should derive from 'life', the borders b/w art & life should be broken down, They like word-play
Duchamp's Fountain (THE URINAL)
Why is a urinal art?
the artist did not make it, its not a unique object, it has no visual properties that make it art, it is too common place and uncouth
the Fountain raises these issues:
makes fun of high art on pedestals, does the artist's hand have to touch the art?, can found materials be used in artmaking?, does art have to original, one-of-a-kind? can it come from daily life?, who decides what art is?, THE IDEA DOMINATES
Group of DADA lived and worked in Berlin:
more emphasis on 2-D art, particularly COLLAGE. there was also development of the graphic arts(design & printing). was called MONTAGE OR PHOTOMONTAGE
Conceptualism emerges in US in the middle of 20th century:
Painters are making large canvases of very serious art: Pollock & the Abstract Expressionist painters. Some artists tire of their developing somberness in artmaking & the tendency to celebrate only PAINTING. they despise the commodification of art... this
Fluxus
George Maciunas starts this NY movement. these artists are all classically trained musicians(Western music) but came to believe that music was not linear, melodic, or rhythmic. Instead, they believe that music could be ANY sound put together.
Fluxus Artists
John Cage- avant garde. He said "there is no such thing as silence"
Yoko Ono- she isolates a sensory act of everyday life to bring us in direct encounter with the 'self being'. she calls these events 'additional acts', another dimension of art that provok