Gonads
- this is a gland that produces gametes and secretes sex hormones.
- in males, it is the Testes, in females it is Ovaries
Accessory Sex Glands
- these glands produce substances that protect gametes and facilitate their movement.
Supporting Structures
- these structures such as the penis in males and the vagina in females, assist the delivery of gametes and, Uterus assists in the growth of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy.
Male Reproductive System
- this reproductive system includes:
*Testes
*System of Ducts (including epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra)
*Accessory Sex Glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
*Several supporting structures inlcuding Scrotum
M-R-S: SCROTUM
- this is the supporting structure for the testes, consists of loose skin and an underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root of the penis.
- externally, it is separated into lateral portions by a median ridge called the "Raphe"
- internally, th
Scrotum: DARTOS MUSCLE
- this muscle found in the scrotum is composed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers,
- contraction of this muscle causes the scrotum to become tight, which reduces heat loss.
*cantraction of the muscles of the scrotum are for the purpose to regulate the tem
Scotum: CREMASTER MUSCLE
- this muscle found in the scrotum consists of a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend, as an extension of the internal oblique muscle, and surround the testes.
- contraction of this muscle moves the testes closer to the body, where they c
M-R-S: Testes
- these are a paired oval glands in the scrotum of the MRS.
- this part of the MRS produce sperm and the male sex hormone 'Testosterone'
- within these are 'Seminiferous Tubules' where sperm are produced. Seminiferous Tubulesis where sperm are produced!
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M-R-S; Testes: SPERMATOGENIC CELL
- these are the sperm forming cells in the Testes
- Fig 27.5 pg 851, in order of advancing maturity, these cells develop as:
1.)Spermatagonium
2.)Primary Spermatocyte
3.)Secondary Spermatocyte
4.)Spermatids ---early/late spermatid
5.)Sperm Cell/Spermatozo
M-R-S; Testes: SERTOLI CELLS
- these cells of the testes, are embedded among spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules.
- these cells are responsible for protection of sperm whose functions include:
* via tight junctions, these cells form the "Blood-Testis Barrier".
*Blood-Test
M-R-S; Testes: LEYDIG (interstitial) CELLS
- these cells of the testes secrete testosterone, which is the most important androgen in the MRS.
*Androgen - is a hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics.
M-R-S; Ducts of the Testis
- pressure generated by the fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of seminiferous tubules and then into a series of very short ducts called 'straight tubules'.
-the straight tubules lead to a network of ducts in the testis
M-R-S; Reproductive Ducts: EPIDIDYMIS
- is a comma shaped organ along the posterior border of each testis.
- consists mostly of tightly coiled ductus epididymis
- functionally, this is the site of 'Sperm Maturation' which is the process by which sperm acquire motility and ability to fertalize
M-R-S; Reproductive Ducts: DUCTUS (vas) DEFERENS
- this duct ascends from the tail of the epididymis.
- passes through inguinal canal and ultimately down the posterior border of the urinary bladder.
- functionally this duct stores sperm and moves sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis toward th
M-R-S; Reproductive Ducts: EJACULATORY DUCTS
- these ducts are formed by the union of the Ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle.
- terminate in the prostatic urethra
- these ducts eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exte
M-R-S; ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
- in the male reproductive system, these glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen.
- glands included are:
*Seminal Vesicles
*Prostate
*Boulbourethral Glands
M-R-S; Accessory Sex Glands: SEMINAL VESICLES
- these accessory sex glands secrete alkaline, which is a fluid that helps neutralize acid in the female reproductive tract, also provides fructose for ATP production by sperm.
- contributes to sperm motility.
- helps semen coagulate after ejaculation.
M-R-S; Accessory Sex Glands: PROSTATE
- this accessory sex gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation, subsequently it breaks down the clot.
- also the largest accessory gland of the male.
- size of a walnut, surrounding the urethra, and lies in
Female Reproductive System
- in this reproductive system, organs included are the Ovaries, Uterine Fallopian Tubes, the Uterus, the Vagina, and external organs that constitute the Vulva or Pudendum and the Mammary Glands.
F-R-S: OVARIES
- these organs of the FRS produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including progesterone and estrogen (female sex hormones), inhibin, and Relaxin.
F-R-S: UTERINE (fallopian) TUBES
- these 2 tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the uterus.
- also, normally are the sites where fertilization occurs.
F-R-S: UTERIS
- in the FRS, this is the site of implantation of a fertalized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor.
F-R-S: VAGINA
- this part of the FRS receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth.
F-R-S: MAMMARY GLANDS
- in the FRS, these synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for nourishment.