Thermal energy
-the total energy of the particles that make up any matter
Heat
-a flow of energy from warmer to cooler matter
Temperature
-a measurement of the average motion of the particles in a substance
When faster-moving and slower moving particles collide, which particles gain energy?
When particles collide, energy always transfers from the faster-moving to the slower-moving particles.
How are thermal energy and heat related?
Heat flow of thermal energy from warmer to cooler matter.
Sequence the following events in order: A) Particles collide and transfer energy B) Energy is added to particles C) Particles move faster
A) Particles collide and transfer energy B) Energy is added to particles C) Particles move faster
On earth, where does most thermal energy come from?
Most thermal energy on earth comes from the sun.
A glass of ice water left on a table warms to room temperature. Why?
The ice melts and the water warms to room temperature because energy from the faster-moving particles in the air transfers to the slower moving particles of the glass, water, and ice until all the particles have the same average motion/temperature.
Who invented the first thermometer? What was it filled with? What were the first three marks on his first thermometer based off of?
Gabriel Fahriet. It was filled with mercury. O degrees was the coldest temperature he could get with a mix of ice, ammonia, and salt. 32 degrees was when water froze. 96 degrees was what he got for body temperature.
Who invented the Celsius scale? What were the measurements based on?
Anders Celsius. O degrees was water freezing, and 100 degrees was water boiling.
What range of temperatures occur in space? At what temperature do particles stop moving?
-270 degrees to millions of degrees on the sun. -273 degrees Celcius is absolute zero (when particles stop moving).
Expand
-to take up more space; to get larger.
Contract
-to take up less space; to get smaller.
In what way does water behave differently from other liquids when it is cooled?
Most liquids contract when cooled. Water contracts until the temperature reaches 4 degrees Celcius. At this point, the particles in the water are packed together as tightly as they can get. At O degrees Celcius, water changes to ice. As it does this, the
How do water particles compare to ice particles?
Water particles are more tightly packed together than ice particles. The ice particles form rings and take up more space.
Say you're driving from Alaska to the southern part of California. What might you do to your car tires to prevent them from blowing out during this long drive into very hot weather?
You might want to let some air out of your tires to give the particles room to expand to prevent them from blowing out the tire during the long drive in hot weather.
Describe at least 3 problems that people face when materials expand.
Railroad tracks twisting/changes in its length. Concrete breaking or buckling. Power lines snapping.
List two useful devices that depend on expansion and contraction.
The thermometer and thermostat.
Conduction
-the flow of heat from one object to another by direct contact between the objects.
Conductor
-a substance through which energy travels easily.
Insulator
-a substance that slows down the transfer of heat.
Convection
-the flow of thermal energy that occurs when a warm liquid or gas moves from one place to another.
Radiation
-the transfer of heat from one place to another.
In general, what types of substances are good conductors of heat?
Metal type substances are generally good conductors of heat.
Why is it usually warmer near the ceiling of a room than near the floor?
As air in the room is warmed it's particles spread out more becoming less dense and rising toward the ceiling carrying thermal energy upwards. The cooler air particles are more tightly packed together and more dense so it sinks to the floor.
How do the properties of the two liquids in a lava lamp allow it to work by convection?
The "lava" and the water expand at different rates. When cool, the "lava" is more dense so it sinks. When warmed, it expands making it less dense so it rises. Once cooled, it sinks again, and the cycle continues.
Give an example of convection happening in a home.
Convection ovens. Boiling water. The way a furnace heats up a room.
When might you feel the effects of radiation?
Standing in the sun, near a camp fire or near anything else hot.
How are radiation and conduction (page B20) different?
With conduction heat is transferred through matter (when they're touching). Radiation does not need matter to transfer heat.
How is energy transferred to the air near the surface of the earth?
Conduction because the air is touching the surface of the earth.
In what ways could a person standing on the earth's surface receive thermal energy?
Radiation from the sun (standing at the beach). Conduction from direct contact (hot sand). Convection from warm breezes caused by convection (warm wind).
Label the diagram with the words from the word bank.
Upper left-conduction (hot handle)
Upper right-convection(arrows)
Lower left and right-radiation(heat waves)
Name the chemical that is in the "Drinking Bird." At what temperature does it boil?
methylene chloride, it boils at 39.6�C or103.28 �F