Second Philosophy Exam

John Locke: WHat is the basis of property?

Labor, the more time, energy embedded in a certain area they have unique relationship because his labor is embedded in that. Therefore, it is his property.

John Locke: What are the limits to property acquisition?

1. Resource Depletion: Must leave enough as good left in common. A well and he pulls it all the water, people have the right to complain he left none.
2. Waste: don't leave products to spoil? picks 10 apples and eats all 10 did no wrong. But picked 10 and

How do the two limits of the acquistion of property apply to modern society today?

They apply to modern society by:
Well imagine a coorp. Is extracting a certain good and now pollution has affected land and surroundings.
Enough and as good left in commons? sustainability not cutting down as many trees, not fishing as many fish therefore

John Locke: How do men benefit from the introduction of money?

consent and -durable good
Things that men really need is resources. We all come together and agree as a community that we will be willing to trade all goods for other goods.

John Locke: The creation of money advantage to having some rich and some poor and the disadvantage

advantage: store wealth, before there is money you can acquire nuts... if you get sick then you can use the money you have saved up to pay for health
Disadvantage: further creates inequality
A successful hunter can hunt 5 deer, eats 1 deer and sells the o

why does john locke believe that because money creates inequlaity it is a good thing?

because motivation creates more productivity.
it is labor that makes the finished goods and puts value on everything

what does john locke mean that men have consented to inequality?

the consent of money leads to inequality

Adam Smith: Why is the division of Labor good?

Labor is divided within the work place. Individuals work different jobs for different outcomes (salary, interest in job, or prestige)
Adam Smith supports the division of labor because it increases productivity and as a result, society becomes wealthier. B

Adam Smith: How does the division of labor increase productivity?

EX. pre history in the development of man.... tribal society vs. pottery man
Productivity increased and from it more wealth it, which Smith believes will "extend itself to the lowest ranks of the people."
--> increase skill
--> no transition time
--> mach

Adam Smith Pink Maker example:

the industrialized shop can make 4,800 pins per employee vs. blacksmith can make only 100 pins in a day

Adam Smith: What is the Invisible Hand?

he suggests that an invisible hand operates in a free market to promote the general welfare of society
ex. a butcher, a baker, a brewer

Karl Mark what is alienated labor?

the worker becomes poorer, the more wealth he produces. This is because the worker is making tools or things under a business and the profit goes to the wealthy who can afford to run the business.

Karl Marx: quality work and being alienated

before capitalism people enjoyed working when it was traditional and human beings were able to be creative. Now having assembly lines we can't use our human potential and we are alienated from the mans labor.

Karl Marx: Describe the four different ways in which humans are alienated under capitalism acceding to Marx

1. alienation from the act of working: capitalism denies workers a say in what they're making or how they make it.
2.alienation from the products of work: the product of work belongs not to the worker, but to capitalists who sell it for profit. example th

Karl Marx: What happens when more and more workers enter the international market?

more workers increase and wages decrease

Alienation Marx proposed that the expression of human intellect and creativity

is what shapes and empowers human existence by allowing each individual fulfil their conception of what it means for human existence to flourish.

Marx says, under capitalism humans have

become tied to productive forces and had to suppress their human intellect and creativity in place of an exploratory wage to survival under a set, the upper class govt.

Marx says To overcome the alienation imposed by the the upper class govt. Marx proposed

the working wage people must engage in a socio-political revolution to achieve a socialist (and later communist) state

Karl Marx: how does respond to the Nicaragua decreasing in wage from 59 cents to 43 cents?

There is more out sourcing and more people in CHina that have left the arm and now working in more factories. Nicaragua is falling because there is a greater supply of labor.
Marx says capitalism is not happy

H.B. Fuller in Honduras: What was the problem in Honduras?

involves a poverty stricken area in Honduras where kids are sniffing "resistol," an H.B. Fuller glue, to get high.
H.B. Fuller is a very powerful and wealthy Fortune 500 company. They became aware of the misuse of their drug and were faced with a big deci

H.B. Fuller in Honduras: How did Fuller respond?

water based so they can not get high and age restriction and size up the package is more expensive and most likely to be bought by carpenters.

H.B. Fuller in Honduras: What other responses were possible?

the social conditions in Honduras and Guatemala are ultimately
responsible for misuse of H. B. Fuller's products and neither the product nor the company is to blame

H.B. Fuller in Honduras: social problems and poverty can attribute how

attribute to drug use and it is one of the poorest countries in latin america, family relationships unstable, children were forced to leave school, abused, and abandoned.
Glue sniffing was not caused by something internet in the product but it was a socia

John Rawls: What are Rawl's three assumptions about the nature of any modern society?

1. conflict and identity of interest--> if i have roads, clean water, sewers, everyone else has the same access to all there are basic rights, same air and we all have in common and just because I have it doesn't stop anyone else from having it.
conflict

John Rawls: What is the Veil of Ignorance?

Rawls thinks the only fair way people can negotiate is if they use the veil of ignorance. "original position" is when we all put aside our bias based on race/age/ethnicity/socioeconomic position/etc., then the negotiation would be fair. Rawls doesn't beli

John Rawls: What are Rawl's two principles of justice?

1. each person is to have as much liberty as is comparable with liberty for others.
2. social and economic inequalities.
the Difference Principle: a way of dividing wealth, distribution of money in a society that is fair and benefits everyone

Peggy McIntosh: what is the difference between conscious and unconscious racism?

Conscious rascism: I don't like black, I don't like hispanics, I think asians are morally... they believe these conscious thoughts and say it out loud
UNCONSCIOUS racism: they don't have thoughts bout race, consciously believe inequality, internalization

McIntosh famously described white privilege as

the invisible knapsack". White privilege is like an invisible package of unearned assets which I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was meant to remain oblivious... Examples: I can go shopping alone and not be followed or harassed. I can

Peggy McIntosh: Newsweek magazine 2001:

boys caught selling cocaine, first time offenders, same age. They were going to be either trialed as adults or as minors.
If there was an x percent chance that the white boy was trialed as an adult an Hispanic boy would be 8x as likely to be and a AA woul

Challenger Disaster: What are the technical details.

O-ring failure. They have the main pod, the rocket solar has overing seals and it failed the rocket all blew up.

Challenger Disaster: Roger Boisjoly believed what

first came to believe that O-ring failure might threaten the safety of the space shuttle
He realizes it might be an issue based on earlier flight 51c in the post flight expection he had seen the o ring had been eroded and they had a back up seal that had

Challenger Disaster: What did Bosjoly do when Moorton Thiokol failed to form a team to work an O-rings? How did management reply to Boisjoly's action?

Bosjoly has good evidnce to complain about the o rings. He suggests to make a team and writes a wide memo to Bob it was a public statement within the company. He identified and addressed the problem will lead to failure, thus a seal team is form.

Challenger Disaster: conference call with Nasa

Boisjoly says that he has been studying the the o rings. He doesn't have enough evidence and says he has been trying to. They didn't want to lose their reputation. Jerry Mason says that you need to take off your engineer hats and put on your business hats

How did Boisjoly become a whistleblower?

a whistleblower is someone who speaks up when superiors are doing something that should not be happening. Roger showed his notes and journals and was reprimanded.

Citicorp Tower: innovative design features

The sub contractors substituted welted joints for bolts Welted joints are stronger but more expensive.

Citicorp Tower: William LeMessurier

LeMessurier didn't know his company had used bolts until he moved on to his next project in Pittsburg. He had told the workers he wanted to use welted joints and the workers had asked the people in NY what they had used and they had used bolts. Looks bad

Citicorp TOwer: A student at Princeton Diane

had done an analysis on the quartering winds that will put pressure on both sides of the building. She contacted LeMessurier to tell the problem she found and he said there are no problems.

Chemical Valley Spill Charleston West Virginia: history of freedom industries and details of the spill

The Mayor noticed there is a problem due to smell and the water fountain tastes bad. The warehouse is filled with barrels stored and a hole is burned through the tank through the wall in the building and down the river chemicals went down into the Charles

Chemical Valley Spill Charleston West Virginia: relationship between coal industry, govt., and environmental protection in West Virginia

The location of freedom industries suggest that zoning laws are poorly designed in West Virginia. That a chemical contained building should not be allowed on a hill or near rivers it should be on a flat land. THat placing a chemical building a mile upstre

Chemical Valley spill: who is responsible?

Freedom industries: not keeping track of lost chemicals. are responisble to store chemicals properly. 8-9 days claimed bankrupt.
Carl Kennedy: should go back to jail
The coal industries: influence politics and new people, creating situations where laws we

Ward Churchill: BIA's use of native lands

Bureau of indian affairs don't care about environmental enforcement. They worked to promote the interests of native americans. Incompetent to make decisions. NA aren't viewed as capable of making thier own affairs. Therefore, BIA makes decisions but not i

Ward Churchill: AEC/ SBA miners

Navajos were displaced from their homes and they're culture was destroyed. They were dying from contaminated water. All original miners were dying from lung cancer.The govt. new that the uranium mining was hazardous to human health and that the radar gas

Ward Churchull: how did govt. respond to scientists who criticized its plans or projects

scientists published health effects and they were ordered not to go to certain conferences and there reports were sensored and watched, researchers were banned from doing more investigation in cancer research.

Ward Churchill: irradiated water

a. Irradiated water is water contaminated with uranium. It is highly radioactive water, not just a few gallons but pumping more than 80,000 gallons per day to the local water supply. This contamination was contaminating NA lands, cattle. Thus the cattle w

Ward Churchill: tailings

Tailings are the mining from the leftover rock. Trying to get the copper and gold off but uranium was still attached to it. ? A 23 million tailings a total of 500 million tons in 200 locations. All across Navajo reservations piles of tailings these are re

Ward Churchill: health problems for NA

Waste disposal: nuclear waste being stored on NA reserves. The EPA rules and guidelines but on tribal lands tribal law have laws. So cynical people will go to tribal lands to poverish people and say we'll pay you to storage here.

Ward Churchull is angry bc?

Said that plutonium is the worse. The human beings could die. That coal mining is the ultimate result of the radioactive colonization of native lands. People should not be living on tribal lands because it is a genocide. Tribal lands are destroyed and tri

Elizabeth Kolbert: the sixth extinction: why did panama's frogs die? Why did efforts to save the frog's fail?

The Chytrid Fungi the BD variation. The frogs pull in nutrients through their skin. once this fungi hits their skin it clogs the electrolytes from coming in. The frogs began to disappear and die off. They came up with a rescue plan, collected the frogs an

Elizabeth Kolbert: the sixth extinction: What is the 6th extinction? What are the causes of the 6th extinction?

1/3 coral, 1/3 mullasks, 1/3 shark rays, 1/4 mammals, 1/5 reptiles, 1/6 birds and 90% frogs and toads. That human beings are creating the sixth extinction, global warming, tree migration.

Elizabeth Kolbert: the sixth extinction: the anthropocene

this is the current era due to human impact on geographical layout, biodiversity, and environmental stability of Earth
Geology, era, periods, adn epochs. massive numbers of families and species are dying off. so massive that it's sixth extinction.

The case of unequal opportunity: relevant details of the case

When you have polluted air, nuclear waste, on average the average human is most likely to live in a polluted area therefore they are most likely to be affected and their life will be reduced.
The housing project Sits around something that has so many dirt

Grossman: details of how environmental racism affects various minority groups

Native americans? land fills dumped on their reserves because EPA regulation doesn't fully apply to tribal lands. Ex. From Oklahoma
Hispanics, and Latinos: are disproportionally exposed and to environmental problems. Pesticides, agricultural work, health

Grossman: How have activists responded to environmental racism?

Govt gets caught up with how it operates, they try to come up with a fair proposal but it ends up going to areas that don't have much power or influence.

Shell and Nigerian Oil: details Nigeria govt.

Largest country in Africa. Oil revenue is huge. They are ruled by military dictatorships. There is no economic structure and they have no idea how big the oil GDP is.
The goal of the govt. leaders is to make the most money and keep it for themselves. Rati

Shell and Nigerian Oil: details of the Ken Saro Wiwa case

he was famous for creating the most famous TV show. was an activist for opposing Shell oil. Is a spokesman and is arrested for murder of 4 tribal leaders. us doesn't want to get involved becasue it would be inappropriate to interefere with the legal trial

Shell and Nigerian Oil: Virtue ethics

honesty, justice, generosity. treat community fairly, be generous, treat foreigners with respect and welcoming. Learning by the example of others, model their autonomy from a developed country.

Shell and nigerian Oil: Kant
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against dictatorship, would object human agency being treated as a means not to ends.never treat anyone as a means. all sorts of companies trade with dictatorship? respecting the culture itself, if they are in dictatorship and they don't have much choice.

SHell and Nigerian Utilitarianism:

doesn't mind dictatroship. Short term goal: is to produce the most oil and even though that means sacrifice for even if you are causing more harm than good.

Shell and Nigerian Milton Friedman:

he is a capitalist and must consider all stakholders around. Management theory: should treat local customers, community, workers fairly. benefits would be parks, roads, and want to make sure it stays clean and no spills. they want to make sure everyone is

Shell and Nigerian
Freeman:

can maximize wealth we have responsibility as stakeholder we need to make sure there is no deception or fraud. we have to obey the rules of the game. the rules include legal structure and rules on how to do this. engage in a way that you are customer to t

Shell and Nigerian Oil: evidence that shell had mistreated the ogoni people

they are using these people in Ogani for their land so they can use their oil

Shell and Nigerian Oil: details of the protest

over 300,000 people protested and the country is only 500,000. they were blowing up pipelines, they were angry, they were ruining equipment. Shell requested the mobile police force and they were known as kill and go bunch. Huge ugly mess. Shell helped pur

Shell and Nigerian Oil: nigerian economist say

that the oil money was stolen and not benefiting the people in Nigeria, that the oil money is holding up this corrupt state. All the money is coming out of Nigeria and shell is making 17 billion and only 14% is given to Nigeria. ANd that $$ is taken for t

Oscar Gandy: what is datamining?

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Oscar Gandy: How can websites use information to discriminate against some customers?

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Chad Cameroon Pipeline: What are some of the potential pros and cons of the pipeline?

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Project, The Chad Development Project

takes place in one of the poorest parts of the world, but great natural resources, gets untapped, there is a lot of money to be made all around.
the project involved, over the span of 25 to 30 years, developing oil fields in Southern Chad, drilling approx

WHo were the exon mobile parties involved?

1999, Lee Raymond is the head of Exxon Mobil.
ExxonMobil, Chad, Cameroon, World Bank, RAN:Rainforest Action Network.
ExxonMobil remained firmed committed to fossil fuels. Other fuel sources such solar, biomass, water and wind power, and electricity.

Whose decision means to most to ExxonMobil

The World Bank's decision means a lot more to Exxon than RAN. It is almost a deal-breaker.
But RAN, the reputation means a lot to the world bank.
RAN -> World Bank
World Bank -> ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil, Environmental Performance

prevent all types of incidents. They had an oil spill, 1989 Valdez Oil Spill.

Give Details about Chad and Cameroon

were two of the poorest countries in the world. Cameroon was more developed than its neighbor and had a higher literacy rate, many of the same problems assailed both countries. There is a lot inner turmoil in Chad, landlocked Chad. Chad and Cameroon repea

Chad Cameroon Pipeline: World bank?

their decision means the most. They lent out $15 billion to developing countries. The bank originally took an interest in 1993.
Made a long report on the project. The report took 5 years, 19 volumes, 3000 page study. It would affect the economic zones and

Chad Cameroon Pipeline: Who are the Pygymy? How might they be affected by the pipeline?

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During the Chad Cameroon pipeline (aid) __ oil wells were drilled into the Doba fields. The construction of a 650 mile pipeline from the Doba to the Atlantic. Production of 225,000 barrels of oil per day.

300

The Chad oil pipeline was unsuccessful aid because

the Prime Minister Idris Debris announced in 2005 that oil money would go towards the general budget and the purchase of weapons instead of the original development plan of education. If this was not followed he would expel all oil companies.

aftermath of the chad cameroon pipeline

They think that since production a lot of money went towards the two countries: education, health, agriculture, transport.
The World Bank announced that it was unable to continue supporting the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline because Chad and Cameroon were not all

CHad Cameroon Pipeline: What potential environmental concerns are raised by the pipeline?

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BP Oil spill: What happened?

the cement seat fails and gas penetrates well; the alarm is turned off on silent; the blowout preventer fails (mechanism to seal automatically; the blowout prevents fails remotely and the rig is put on fire. Therefore, all 10 workers dies. The platforms d

BP Oil Spill: what was wrong with their oil spill plan?

Outdated, (the environment clean up guy had been dead for years) and inaccurate for species, were only ready to help the walrus. There is no walrus in the gulf of mexico.

BP oli spill: Why are wetlands and marches important to ocean ecosystems and the fishing industry?

Fish were contaminated and couldn't be eaten or used Thousands of people were out of work. Marshes animals lay eggs but oil destroys marshes. Animals are threatened with extinction such as turtles, dolphins, fish etc...

BP oil spill: what will happen to the dolphins of bacteria bay as a result of the spill?

dolphins will have reproduction failures, diseases, and that will affect rest of food chain. dolphins tried to help humans.

BP Oil SPill: Kant

Kant says that agency is what needs to be respected and dolphins in the story are smart, moral, and self-compassionate. if humans had a spill plan for dolphins rather than walrus they would be able to catch the dolphins and transport them out.

BP oil spill: how are BP's two strategies for dealing with the spill are contradictory

Containment big booms on the front of ships to keep it in contaminated area, be able to scoop it out and maybe save some and the other approach is
Dispersant, corexit, a chemical to help spread out to spread evenly in all directions.
Contradictory and ill

BP oil spill: corexit and motives

they couldn't prove how much oil was actually spilt, the true number will never be known. thus, won't be charged for as much

BP oil spill: damaged what

animals, species, employeed, and thousands of jobs were lost

BP oil spill: manipulated the flow of information by

BP has controlled and manipulated information. When it first happened they were stating how much, issuing lawsuits and legal demands that this is oursite and no footage of the spill should be videoed or released, manipulated photos, said there is only oil

BP oil spill: negligence?

required to adequately respond to spill their plan proves negligence. control of information of banning people and lies.

BP oil spill: Kant

disrespecting the agency of all the animals that were involved in the spill. Also against the agency they distorted the truth, controlling the information, and lying to the citizens. The citizens would have been able to make decisions from the controlling

BP oil spill Virtue Ethics:

lying effects the virtue honesty. Actually telling the truth, doing the right. Justice, responsibility,? take responsibility to repay for the damage they did, to take responsibility.
Lacking compassion/care? didn't even care to take the time to make a spi

BP oil spill Utilitarianism:

says everyone counts and everyone counts equally. They need to think about all the members of the ecosystem that will be affected.
Also they say suffering matter. Pain and pleasure- The suffering of the animals, they experience pain.
Bp was not considerin

BP oil spill Mill:

Minimizing the harm, everyone counts. Using corexit didn't decrease harm it increased harm.